[FlightRPC] Bearer Token refresh design with retry mechanism

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• The generated bearer token by implementations of CallHeaderAuthenticator such as BearerTokenAuthenticator are bound to expire.

• The expired access token needs to be refreshed.

• The FlightClient needs to retry the API call on encountering FlightStatusCode.TOKEN_EXPIRED and refresh the expired token.

  Refer to this design document for more details.

Reporter: Keerat Singh

PRs and other links:

• GitHub Pull Request apache/arrow#8780

_{Note: This issue was originally created as ARROW-10671. Please see the migration documentation for further details.}

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Krisztian Szucs / @kszucs:
Postponing to 4.0

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David Li / @lidavidm:
Postponing to 5.0